ISSN 2306-5559 (print)
ISSN 2410-938X (online)
ISSN 2410-938X (online)
Funding: This research has been funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. BR21881970, Name: Development of new screening methods, to prevent early mortality and treatment of cardiovascular-diseases of atherosclerotic genesis in patients with atherosclerosis). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest requiring disclosure in this article.
1. Kasper, P., Martin, A., Lang, S., Kütting, F., Goeser, T., Demir, M., & Steffen, H. M.. NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases: A clinical review. Clinical Research in Cardiology, 2021; 110(6):921–937. doi.org/10.1007/s00392-020-01709-72. Ng, C. H., Chan, K. E., Chin, Y. H., et al. The effect of diabetes and prediabetes on the prevalence, complications, and mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2022; 28(3): 565-574. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0096.3. Younossi, Z. M., Koenig, A. B., Abdelatif, D., et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology, 2016; 64(1):73-84. DOI: 10.1002/hep.284314. Estes, C., Anstee, Q. M., Arias-Loste, M. T., et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016–2030. Journal of Hepatology, 2018; 69(October):896–904. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.0365. Li, J., Zou, B., Yeo, Y. H., Feng, Y., Xie, X., Lee, D. H., et al. Prevalence, incidence, and outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, 1999–2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatology, 2019; 4(9):389-398. doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30039-16. Duell, P. B., Welty, F. K., Miller, M., Chait, A., Hammond, G., Ahmad, Z., Cohen, D. E., Horton, J. D., Pressman, G. S., & Toth, P. P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2022; 42(6): e168-e185. doi.org/10.1161/ATV.00000000000001537. Huang, Y., Bi, Y., Xu, M., Ma, Z., Xu, Y., Wang, T., Li, M., Liu, Y., Lu, J., Chen, Y., Huang, F., Xu, B., Zhang, J., Wang, W., Li, X., & Ning, G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2012 ; 32(9):2321-2326. doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.2529578. Ratziu, V., Bellentani, S., Cortez-Pinto, H., et al. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009. Journal of Hepatology, 2010; 53(2):372–384. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.0089. Marchesini, G., Bugianesi, E., Forlani, G., Cerrelli, F., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and metabolic syndrome. Hepatology, 2003; 37(4):917-923. DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.5016110. Hassen, G., Singh, A., Belete, G., Jain, N., De la Hoz, I., Camacho-Leon, G. P., Dargie, N. K., Carrera, K. G., Alemu, T., Jhaveri, S., & Solomon, N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An emerging modern-day risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cureus, 2022; 14(5): e25495. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2549511. Toth, P. P. Epicardial steatosis, insulin resistance, and coronary artery disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2012; 87(7):3023–3028. doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2012.06.01312. Duell, P. B., Welty, F. K., Miller, M., Chait, A., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2022; 42(6):e168–e185. doi.org/10.1161/ATV.000000000000015313. Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. Z. The metabolic syndrome. The Lancet, 2005; 365(9468): 1415–1428. doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61794-314. Musso, G., Gambino, R., De Michieli, F., Cassader, M., et al. Dietary habits and their relations to insulin resistance and postprandial lipemia in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology, 2003; 37(4):909-916. doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.5013215. Charlton, M., Sreekumar, R., Rasmussen, D., et al. Apolipoprotein synthesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology, 2002; 35(4):898-904. doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.3252716. Sanyal, A. J., Van Natta, M. L., Clark, J., Neuschwander-Tetri, B. A., et al. Prospective study of outcomes in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2021; 385(17):1559-1569. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa202934917. Taylor, R. S., Taylor, R. J., Bayliss, S., et al. Association between fibrosis stage and outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 2020; 158(6):1611-1625.e12. doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.04318. Shang, Y., Nasr, P., Widman, L., & Hagström, H. Risk of cardiovascular disease and loss in life expectancy in NAFLD. Journal of Hepatology, 2022; 76(March): 1495-1505. DOI: 10.1002/hep.3251919. Younossi, Z., Tacke, F., Arrese, M., Sharma, B. C., Mostafa, I., Bugianesi, E., Wong, V. W. S., Yilmaz, Y., George, J., Fan, J., & Vos, M. B. Global perspectives on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology, 2009; June. DOI 10.1002/hep.3025120. Huang, Y., Bi, Y., Xu, M., Ma, Z., Xu, Y., Wang, T., Li, M., Liu, Y., Lu, J., Chen, Y., Huang, F., Xu, B., Zhang, J., Wang, W., Li, X., & Ning, G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2012; 32(9):2321-2326. doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.25295721. Angulo, P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2002; 346(16): 1221-1231. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra01177522. Marchesini, G., Bugianesi, E., Forlani, G., Cerrelli, F., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology, 2003; 37(4):917-923. DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.5016123. Kotronen, A., & Yki-Järvinen, H. Fatty liver: A novel component of the metabolic syndrome. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2008; 28(1): 27-38. doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.14753824. Seppala-Lindroos, A., Vehkavaara, S., Hakkinen, A. M., Goto, T., Westerbacka, J., Sovijarvi, A., Halavaara, J., & Yki-Jarvinen, H. Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2002; 87(7): 3023–3028. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.7.863825. Kitade, H., Chen, G., Ni, Y., & Ota, T. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance: New insights and potential new treatments. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2017; 9(4):387. doi.org/10.3390/nu904038726. Khan, R. S., Bril, F., Cusi, K., & Newsome, P. N. Modulation of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology, 2019; 70(2):711-724. DOI 10.1002/hep.3042927. Chen, Z., Yu, R., Xiong, Y., Du, F., & Zhu, S. A vicious circle between insulin resistance and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids in Health and Disease, 2017; 16(9):203. doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0572-928. Muzurović, E., Mikhailidis, D. P., & Mantzoros, C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and their association with vascular risk. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 2021; 119(18): 1-12. doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2021.15477029. Katsiki, N., Mikhailidis, D. P., & Mantzoros, C. S. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dyslipidemia: An update. Metabolism, 2016; 65(8): 1109-1123. doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.05.00330. Kim, H. S., & Cho, Y. K. Cardiovascular risk in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology, 2017; 1-8. doi.org/10.4166/kjg.2017.69.6.33331. Caussy, C., Aubin, A., & Loomba, R. The relationship between type 2 diabetes, NAFLD, and cardiovascular risk. Springer link, 2021; 1-13. doi.org/10.1007/s11892-021-01383-732. Targher, G., Byrne, C. D., & Tilg, H. NAFLD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease: Clinical associations, pathophysiological mechanisms, and pharmacological implications. The BMJ, 2020; 1-15. doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-32062233. Duell, P. B., Welty, F. K., Miller, M., Chait, A., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2022; 42(6):1-18. doi.org/10.1161/ATV.000000000000015334. Muzurović, E., Mikhailidis, D. P., & Mantzoros, C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and their association with vascular risk. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 2021; 1-12. doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2021.15477035. Ng, C. H., Chan, K. E., Chin, Y. H., Zeng, R. W., Tsai, P. C., Lim, W. H., Tan, D. J. H., Khoo, C. M., Goh, L. H., Ling, Z. J., Kulkarni, A., Mak, L. Y. L., Huang, D. Q., & Chan, M. The effect of diabetes and prediabetes on the prevalence, complications and mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2022; 1-11. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2022.009636. Zhao, P., Yan, J., Pan, B., Liu, J., Fu, S., Cheng, J., Wang, L., Jing, G., & Li, Q. Association between the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2022; 1-11. doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S35649737. Chen, Y., Bai, W., Mao, D., Long, F., Wang, N., Wang, K., & Shi, Q. The relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and incidence of chronic kidney disease for diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: A meta-analysis. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 2020; 1-8. doi: 10.17219/acem/15501738. Muzica, C. M., Sfarti, C., Trifan, A., Zenovia, S., Cuciureanu, T., Nastasa, R., Huiban, L., Cojocariu, C., Singeap, A. M., Girleanu, I., Chiriac, S., & Stanciu, C. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A bidirectional relationship. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2020; 1-5. doi.org/10.1155/2020/663830639. Younossi, Z. M., Golabi, P., de Avila, L., Paik, J. M., Srishord, M., Fukui, N., Qiu, Y., Burns, L., Afendy, A., & Nader, F. The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hepatology, 2019; 1-10. doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2019.06.02140. Luxmi, S., Sattar, R. A., & Ara, J. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver with type 2 diabetes mellitus. US National Library of Medicine enlisted journal. 2015; 1-20.41. Targher, G. Is it time for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease screening in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition, 2020; 9(2):239–241. doi: 10.21037/hbsn.2019.10.2142. Athyros, V. G., Polyzos, S. A., Kountouras, J., Katsiki, N., Anagnostis, P., Doumas, M., & Mantzoros, C. S. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; New Kids on the Block. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 2020; 18(2): 172-181. doi.org/10.2174/157016111766619040516431343. Mantovani, A., Petracca, G., Beatrice, G., & Targher, G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes mellitus: An updated meta-analysis of 501 022 adult individuals. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2020. doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-32257244. Vanjiappan, S., Hamide, A., Ananthakrishnan, R., Periyasamy, G., & Mehalingam, V. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with cardiovascular disease. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2018; 479-482. doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.01.00145. Sanyal, D., Mukherjee, P., Raychaudhuri, M., Ghosh, S., Mukherjee, S., & Chowdhury, S. Profile of liver enzymes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and newly detected untreated type 2 diabetes. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2015; 597-601. DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.16317246. Hazlehurst, J. M., Woods, C., Marjot, T., Cobbold, J. F., & Tomlinson, J. W. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2016; 1096-1108. doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.00147. Jali, M. V., Kambar, S., Jali, S. M., & Hiremath, M. B. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients: A cross-sectional hospital-based study. US National Library of Medicine enlisted journal, 2015; 1-20.48. Mantovani, A., Petracca, G., Beatrice, G., & Targher, G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes mellitus: An updated meta-analysis of 501 022 adult individuals. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2020. doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-32257249. Ciardullo, S., Muraca, E., Perra, S., & Bianconi, E. Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes using non-invasive scores and association with diabetic complications. Medicine and Rehabilitation, Policlinico di Monza SpA, 2020; 1-11. doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-00090450. Tziomalos, K., & Athyros, K. G. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathogenesis and Treatment Options. Bentham Science Publishers, 2012; 162-172.51. Seko, Y., Sumida, Y., Tanaka, S., Mori, K., Taketani, H., Ishiba, H., Hara, T., Okajima, A., Umemura, A., Nishikawa, T., & Yamaguchi, K. Insulin resistance increases the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2017; 1-20. doi.org/10.1111/hepr.1292552. Kasturiratne, A., Weerasinghe, S., Dassanayake, A. S., Rajindrajith, S., de Silva, A. P., Kato, N., Wickremasinghe, A. R., & de Silva, H. J. Influence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease on the development of diabetes mellitus. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2012; 1-20. doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07264.x53. Lallukka, S., & Yki-Järvinen, H. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 2016; 385-395. doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2016.06.00654. Mantovani, A., Byrne, C. D., & Bonora, E. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 2018; 41(2):372-382. doi.org/10.2337/dc17-190255. Targher, G. Is it time for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease screening in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus? Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition, 2020; 9(2):239-241. doi: 10.21037/hbsn.2019.10.2156. Weinstein, A. A., & de Avila, L. Cognitive performance in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2018; 567-574. doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2018.06.00157. Yoneda, M., Honda, Y., & Ogawa, Y. Comparing the effects of tofogliflozin and pioglitazone in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (ToPiND study): A randomized prospective open-label controlled trial. Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University, 2017; 1-20. doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-00199058. Narasimhan, S., Gokulakrishnan, K., Sampathkumar, R., Faro, S., Ravikumar, R., Mohan, V., & Balasubramanyam, M. Oxidative stress is independently associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology, 2010; 815-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.04.003